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The Organizational Causes of Violence in China's Cultural Revolution (Epub & Pdf)

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Policies of Chaos: The Organizational Causes of Violence in China's Cultural Revolution - Princeton Legacy Library 1031 by Lynn T. White Details

The revolution of the Cultural Revolution after 1966 is often blamed on a few leaders in Beijing, on the principles of long-term equality, or on communist or Chinese political cultures.…

Policies of Chaos synopsis

The revolution of the Cultural Revolution after 1966 is often blamed on a few leaders in Beijing, on the principles of long-term equality, or on communist or Chinese political cultures. But Lynn White shows that the chaos was mainly caused by reactions from individual and small groups to three specific policies of administrative manipulation: group classification, appointment of chairmen, and legitimization of violence in political campaigns.

These habits of local organization were common after 1949 and gave the state success in short-term revolutionary goals, despite scarce resources and personnel - but also prompted millions to attack each other later. First, actions were taken before 1966 to give people bad or good names (such as "right" or "worker"); this led to family access to work, education, accommodation and rations - so they gave interests to potential conflict groups.

Second, behavioral policies have gone beyond Confucian favoritism, making labor units strictly dependent on party monitors - so rational individuals either have local leaders or (when they can) isolate them. Thirdly, the institutional violence of political campaigns has mobilized activists and the fear of others to comply.

These regulatory measures were effective in the short term before 1966, but accumulated social costs paid by China later. The book ends with comparisons with past collective urban exodus in other countries, and the book suggests how such tragedies can be anticipated or prevented in the future.

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